Besides the cosmic amount of varying creative individuals out there, I have always been boggled by the lack of inconsistency throughout the web. Unbeknownst to most surfers, there is a call to action going on to unite the web into a highly functional and user friendly environment. While hopping from site to site, and depending on the genre, you may stumble upon several types of structure. Most web sites completely ignore standards and conventions while others try desperately to abide. So where do we start to draw the line? How do we define where information goes and how it is perceived on the other end? Why do these protocols exist? Better yet, does anyone know the meaning of existence anyway? (Never mind that last one… I figured I could drop that in there.) The short answer is structure.

We need it to process information correctly, not to mention point out the obvious. Okay, so maybe things aren’t always obvious; that is why there are standards and conventions. These methods of structure exist to serve the immeasurable audience it conducts. Without it, the web would be a rompus room for extremely right brained creative’s’. We all know they can’t run loose or you can kiss your structure goodbye.  

Truthfully, since the introduction of the web, designers have been on a permanent free for all. This has caused a lot of confusion. The amounts of web sites in business today don’t follow standards. Some incorporate a few while others ignore them all together. There is big controversy over the best approach. Being the web, many feel that it is our artistic right to design freely. But something has to be said for cavity causing eye candy and poor navigation. Sites that have amazing visuals tend to lack in the functionality area. I propose a fusion of these two theories.

Granted, visual aesthetics and standards are on opposite ends of the spectrum, they share a common bond; creativity. In order to produce an eye catching functional site, the individuals driving it need to have a keen sense of both methods. If we can merge both methodologies, the web will become a union of best practices. Considering both demands an extreme amount of creative energy and organization, this could be the marriage to save the state of the union.

(VOTE GAY MARRIAGE…oops wrong paper)

Anyways, the individuals responsible for infiltrating this phenomenon are Information Architects. They are responsible for ensuring “the structural design of shared information environments” in addition to “the art and science of organizing and labeling Web sites, intranets, online communities and software to support usability and findability” (Unknown, Hoffman, p.1).

 I couldn’t have said it better myself… no really I couldn’t, hence the quote.

Currently, defending the purpose of having an Information Architect on your squad is highly debatable. Like any new job description, people tend to push back at what they don’t understand. Let’s be honest, most of us still don’t know what “WWW” stands for. Quite frankly, it’s sad that the internet has become its own bandwagon. If you can’t ride, don’t get on and if you can, be prepared to be thrown off. The web is constantly changing with emerging new technology and social platforms that even for a veteran, keeping up can be deteriorating.

The web is designed to connect a variety of characters, like-minded or otherwise, into a massive neighborhood set in virtual reality that fits neatly underneath a slab of wood with four legs. It is quite impressive yet still has a tendency to keep others out. Not everyone can afford a computer, even though they are relatively cheaper now, let alone the internet. In some ways, it can limit itself even though it is perceived as being limitless.

None the less, Information Architects are diving into the mess that has been made. They are on a mission of restructure and findability making the web a fun and safe place to visit for anyone.  Thank the almighty being of creation, whoever or whatever that may be, for bestowing upon us this precious gift of Information Architects. With the help of this new field, structuring the web will be possible.

For now, we have to hope companies start to realize the importance of untangling this web we weave. We need to build it back up properly and expand our horizons. For tomorrow will be hard to find if they forget the site map.

Citations:

Hoffman, Allan Information Architects: Web Builders with a Sales Bent (2006)

Since the beginning, keeping web standards has become a difficult task. The introduction of the web has spawned the feeling of new found freedom. From novice users to web site designers, web standards have been forgotten and in some case completely hacked up. Even though, there is a great deal of well developed sites that do follow web standards. Among the most common abusers of web standards are graphic designers and new comers. These violators acknowledge the various ways a web site can be constructed yet ignore learning the standards. Within any field of study there are standards. Standards hold the glue to the basic foundation of why things work the way they do. To ignore these standards, especially when building web space, you also ignore the future of your web site.

Contributing to this web confusion is common sense. Of course you can hack a page up and still get it to function. But does that really insure its reliability down the road? By implementing standards, the designer, guarantees the site to be easily manipulated in the future and also set the tone for good design and functionality.

There is an abundance of web sites out there coded out of templates. This has caused a trend with designers to edit and change the front end code of these templates. By changing the templates through CSS, designers have “…confused the concept of independent structure and presentation” (Bowman, pg. 4).  Not to mention, the usage of Gifs and tables on a grid to layout web pages. This may seem useful and functional for designers but left a big “HTML mishmash” (Itoh, pg.2) for the rest of us. Eventually, these sites became inoperable, not to mention unable to view in some browsers.

Another big reason why some designers strayed from standards has to do with creativity. For some reason, standards have become an excuse for lack of creative energy. Web standards don’t limit creative; they provide the structure for that creativity to take shape. Designers exist because of standards no matter how you look at it. Creative jobs are built upon limitations. The reason designers exist are to answer and solve these puzzles within the walls we are given. Web standards are no different. Therefore, establishing structure and presentation appropriately does not limit creativity. It should be embraced and encourage it. Above and beyond that there really are no limitations, especially with programs like Flash around. You can get as creative as you want as long as you consider the standards. They are there as an assistant to developing good functionality and usability.

To get a grip on web standards it is good practice to go over the fundamentals. One of the biggest pieces to the puzzle is the relationship between structure and presentation. The structure of a web page is contained within the markup language and is the foundation of a web document. A web document relies on how the page is constructed through the HTML code and semantics. The presentation of a web page is simply the style or look applied to the content. Contained within the HTML you will find the structure and content of the web document. The presentation of this structure and content should be controlled by CSS. Cascading Style Sheets adds tremendous functionality to a web document that can easily be administered throughout the web site.    By using CSS, changing the structure of the web document is much easier and practical. You can not have structure without presentation nor presentation with out structure; the two go hand in hand. To effectively display your content you need to have well developed structure and without well developed structure your presentation will be nothing special. It is vital to web sites longevity to properly have these elements in place and understood.

 Take XML as another contributing player in keeping content separate from structure and content. XML, extensible markup language, was designed to work with HTML. XML is responsible for describing data and HTML is responsible for displaying it. XML contributes to this separation by infusing itself as another element to keep content separate from structure and presentation. It helps keep data in its own tiny little box while the HTML focuses on showing how that tiny box of data is to appear in browsers. The tags used for XML are not predefined as are the ones in HTML. The tags used within XML are defined by the writer of the code allowing transmission of data to be transferred more effectively. The big advantage here is sending and receiving data over cross platforms. And since there is currently no standard for operating systems, XML serves as a valuable participant in keeping data accessible to all. This is a key in keeping structure and presentation separate.

Either way, web standards need to be enforced while the web is still fairly young. If this problem is not taken care of soon the future of the web may become an unsightly place. It is always important to do things the right way instead of having to do them over and over again. The first step in solving this problem is to educate people and use the web to spread the message.  

Citations:

Makiko Itoh , A Brief History of Web Design  

Bowman, Douglas, Stop  Design: Are they really separated?   14 October 2003                       http://www.stopdesign.com/log/2003/10/14/separated.html 

Krug, Steve,  Don’t Make Me Think   (2006) 

It’s time to turn over all you precious mobile devices because technology called and requested all its stuff back. That’s right no more text messages, blogs, emails, flash animations, digital photo albums, web cams, RSS feeds, instant messaging, mp3’s, ipods, laptops, PDA’s, or cell phones. Everything is going back to a simpler time where social participation required face to face contact and flesh on flesh interaction. Sound absurd? Of course it does. Technology is part of our culture, livelihood, future, and for some a means for existence. It has consumed so much of our behavior that it is hard to remember what life was like before the invasion.

Not more than a month ago, I left my house without my cell phone. The feeling of complete abandonment set in quickly upon realization of my mistake. What was I to do? How would I go about my day? If I were to get into an accident, how would I handle the situation? Simultaneously these questions paralyzed my survival skills and hindered my actions. Instantly my whole world changed with relation to technology. Before this event occurred, acknowledgement of technology as a life tool had never penetrated my conscience.

With all things considered, the current technological movement encourages social and behavior change. The mere existence of future computerized gadgets and networks have a purpose. The goal is to make life easier by developing tools which take the mundane tasks of life, such as video taping, and remembering where you left your keys, out of the equation. The idea here is to salvage the time devoted to everyday tasks and replace it with the things we wish we had more time for.

The article “Digital Memories in an Era of Ubiquitous Computing and Abundant Storage” suggests possible and current digital media that is already accomplishing these tasks. Primarily the article focuses on such things as recording digital memories with the ability to share them over time more effectively. Everywhere you look on the web users are documenting their lives through audio, video, and other forms of digital documentation. It is trendy and economical. Above and beyond the social elements coinciding with these new technologies, digital documentation is fun. It brings like mined individuals together and connects relatives distances away. What happens if these technologies fail and all information that has been digitized disappears forever? Where does this all end and how do we pick up the pieces? This brings me back to my cell phone dilemma: Technology can only go so far before we become puppets in a complex world.

The great debate here; will technology ever reach perfection? Thus far it has proven only to provide new distractions from old mishaps. The one constant we can expect from technology is its never ending mission to create a new form so previous attempts go unnoticed. Something’s never change; they just continue.

 Citations:

Czerwinski, M., Gage, D.W., Gemmell, J., Marshall, C., Pérez-Quiñonesis, M., Skeels, et al (2006). “Digital memories in an era of ubiquitous computing and abundant storage.” Communications of the ACM. 49.1 January 2206

.Hiltz, S.R. & Turoff, M. “Education goes digital: the evolution of online learning and the revolution in higher education.” Communications of the ACM. 48.10 October 2005.

Kangas, E. & Kinnunen, T. “Applying user-centered design to mobile application development” Communications of the ACM. 48.7 July 2005

They are every where and invading all aspects of communication. Yes, once again it is the revolution of the blog. You may have noticed them unraveling the mysteries of big corporations or climbing the charts of new found careers. Which ever way you have experienced them, blogs have made an impact on communicating.

Funny enough, blogs have become a mouthpiece for logic. For instance, Microsoft developed a video blog in order to save face after a brave employee risked his job (blogging) to salvage relationships with customers. Microsoft then said to itself “Hey listening to what customers think is important!” This was probably the most logical discovery they ever made. Huh? Are you kidding me? This should be second nature. You have a product with legs and a vehicle to drive it but no one remembered to communicate with the audience? That is simply elementary. It appears the future of communication was awaiting the arrival of the blog to hold down the fort. Perhaps, blogs are just another catalyst for marketing ploys. I have a hard time wrapping my head around the idea. We are all customers at one time or another so why is this so hard to conceive naturally? Do blogs hold the answers for the logically-impaired?  It is starting to appear that way.

In “Naked Conversations”, Lenn Pryor, an employee of Microsoft, speaks about his personal interactions with customers; “Because you’re Microsoft and Microsoft is fundamentally evil. You just don’t seem evil, so you’re either really good at hiding it or I’ve read you guys wrong” (Scoble, R. and
Israel, S, Pryor, p.14).  Conversations of this nature should never exist. Marketers need to look inward and focus on what it means to be part of the humanity. In retrospect, blogging is becoming the big fix to this problem.   Beyond tidying up the loose ends of corporations, blogging is serving up career options as well. For quite some time now, blog sites have launched new avenues for getting ideas out there. The kicker, its fun and you make bank as well. Thompson makes an interesting point about human behavior, he says “The power law dominant because of human behavior: When we are asked to decide among a dizzying array of options, we do not act like dispassionate decision-makers, weighing each option on its own merits. Movie producers pick stars who have already been employed with other producers. Investors give money to entrepreneurs who are already loaded with cash. Popularity breeds popularity” (3) 

 As if that wasn’t obvious enough, the blogging revolution is doing the same thing. Going back to “Naked Conversations,” Chapter one mentions adaptation to something new takes time but eventually overcomes any resistance (5). Overall, a cycle is apparent here. If blogging is the new form of communication than overtime the number of participants will increase. This will then perpetuate others to follow suit. After all, “Popularity breeds popularity” (Thompson, p. 3)

Therefore, blogging, in some instances is being used as an obscure form of marketing allowing customers to feel in control by enabling them to have conversations with employees. At the same time, blogs are creating new revenues for advertisers and blog writers. Not to mention blogs provide outlets for many blogging enthusiasts. It is clearly a revolution, depending on your perspective.  

 Citations:

Scoble, R. and Israel, S. Naked Conversations Hoboken: John Wiley and Sons (2006) 

Thompson, Clive Blogs to Riches (2006)

The way you played as a kid probably has not changed much. It just becomes less noticeable. The truth is we live in a busy world. Our lives are consumed by our work, our families, our friends, and our personal interests. The older we get, the less time there is for play. As children, we are surrounded by toys and games to keep us entertained and stimulated. As adults, we seldom get to explore the creativity that once inspired our existence as children.

In retrospect, there have been several strides in incorporating new forms of play into our daily lives. Most commonly internet based games. If you look around at mainstream media a big chunk of it belongs to interactive media. Andrew Hinton discusses Quake and its impact on the gaming society. I was in high school when Quake emerged. There were hundreds of teenagers hogging all the computer labs on every floor just to get a piece of the action. It was a phenomenon. All the attention it drew caused others to give it a test drive. Quake not only filled a need for play but it also allowed room for creativity.

Quake was designed with the freedom of user customization. You were provided the necessary tools and functions to get started and then set free. The creators of Quake designed the game to influence user creativity and draw in a big market. There was no doubt that it had. Just the thought of this type of interaction can open so many doors for individuals who have a need to play. Once popular, “The game creators realized that, given the right conditions, the power of open communications easily eclipses the planned efforts of any single organization. The challenge is to create structures that encourage and channel that power without hindering its collective energy and creativity (Hinton, p.3).”

By incorporating creative freedom into gaming a virtual world can become a powerful accessory to real-life. Think about applications such as Second Life. In Second Life you can create a virtual you, own property, and even become an entrepreneur. If you are business minded you could even make playing your full time job. There has been a big emergence of developers and designers that make a living on Second Life designing objects for users. It is becoming an incredible phenomenon as well (5&6).

The sky is the limit for these interactive media types. What the future holds is up to us. If we reflect back on our childhood, for most of us, a majority of it was spent playing. The responsibilities of adulthood put a damper on our creativity. I believe if we were allowed to play more as adults stress would begin to lift. Our enthusiasm as a child can be our inspiration for a brighter tomorrow. We should never lose that ten year old we all have living inside of us.

Hinton, Andrew   We Live Here: Games, Third Places and the Information Architecture of the Future (2006)  

 Huizinga, J         Homo ludens: a study of the play element in culture  (1950)

If you are a blogging fanatic, the existence of this form of communication has enriched your life. You are a faithful commentator on various subjects. The majority of your leisure is spent online contributing to discussions. For the most part, you belong.

From my own personal observation, it seems as if it has become easier to communicate through online forums or blogs, then in traditional settings such as classrooms, offices, etc. The growth of this type of communication has brought together like minded people.

A big part of being a blogger in online society is having something to say. At first, making your blog appealing may be a challenge. Overtime, you are quickly socialized into the world of blogging which is rapidly becoming the newest form of media and community.

Web logs are not just a place for building networks and communities; it is also home to a new form of journalism. The presence of Journalism in Web logs has caused much controversy among experts in the field. Their biggest fear is losing sight of what is familiar.  While most are excited about the potential this form could hold. Donald Matheson claims “Weblogs need not be revolutionary, but they are indicative of one way in which journalism is changing, under pressure from reformers who are aware of a new medium with its concomitant new economic, social and production contexts (447).

Either way you slice it, web blogging is here and may stick around for awhile. When considering the possibilities, could this new media actually create unexpected problems? The introduction of anything new usually stirs up some push.

Take into consideration the uniting of like-minded individuals. This can quickly begin to cause segregation. What if by uniting such groups we stop appreciating our differences? We all can bring something to the table of existence, like-minded or not, but if we are filtered into only the groups that accept us, what will happen in the real world?

The television is a good example of an electronic device designed to deliver entertainment and communication among the masses. Most of the work the TV does is for the media.  Of course there is still entertainment value in watching TV but at whose expense? Most of what is on television is ridiculous and marketed towards specific groups so advertisers can expose them to what they known we will buy into. It won’t be long before they invade blogs as well.

At the moment, blogging is a great way to interact. The freedom of choosing what you expose yourself too is great in theory, even though it is one of the simplest ways of selling known as transfer of ownership (Sustein, p.58). When you put a new product in a consumer’s hand, such as a cell phone, you are actually painting the picture of ownership to the customer. That is what is happening here with Weblogs.

Before you decide to blog make sure you are aware of your environment and what you decide to digest and yes this blog about blogging is a contradiction.

Citations:

Matheson, Donald   New Media & Society, 2004.

Sunstein, Cass  Democracy and Filtering, 2004

It comes as no surprise that we live in a world influenced by choices. From kitchen countertop swatches to the flavor shot in your espresso, we are constantly being indirectly asked to make decisions. Even the way we communicate involves a preference. For many, communication may still be considered an interaction that only occurs  in the company of  another party.  The progression of communication begs to differ.

Since the introduction of the telegraph in 1844, communication has transformed the way we interact. The development process of instant communication has pushed forward opening many doors for social networks to develop, giving its users various avenues to explore. The evolution of the cell phone is eagerly developing to become the “remote control for your life” (Hirschhorn, qtd. in Rheingold, 11).

The most fascinating phenomenon about the cell phone is not the accessibility it provides to our social networks but in the way it provides that accessibility. There is no doubt that the cell phone is paving the way for us to stay connected to our social environments. Take into account that on average most of us live busy lives. In order to balance the hustle and bustle of everyday life, there is a need to stay connected to the outside world. One way that cell phone functionality is making this easier is by way of text messaging. Text messaging, or SMS, provides users with a way to stay connected when making a phone call is not an option.

Mizuko Ito, an anthropologist, investigated “how identity and place are produced through and within digital media infrastructures” (Ito, Rheingold, 4). This study was conducted by observing the way the youth of Tokyo maintained interaction with their peers. What Ito found was that text messaging, among this group, gave them access to another world. A world that allowed them to converse in the physical and digital world at the same time.  The popularity of  text messaging allows its users to stay connected to their peers while enabling  them to be in two places at once.

Above and beyond being a catalyst for communication, text messaging bridges the gap between time and space. By digitally connecting us to each other Rheingold acknowledges that being present in a physical form is not necessary with the aid of text messaging:

As long as people participated in the shared communications of the group, they seemed to be considered by others to be present (Rheingold, 6).

According to Rheingold, “The unexpected success of texting was also a sign that people were once again appropriating a communication technology for social purposes, as they had done with voice telephony and with Minitel in France, where the chat tool was literally stolen from operators by the users, and with email, where it was the driving force behind the growth of the landlocked Internet” (Rheingold, 15).

According to an article in USA Today, “Teens, techies and other early adopters leading the charge to text say it’s a great way to communicate when they are too busy to talk or when making a call would be rude or impractical. Parents keep tabs on kids. Business people silently check facts in meetings. Young professionals’ text-flirt at concerts. And teens gossip with friends, anytime, anywhere” (usatoday.com).

The article also goes on to quote Rheingold, “Communications behavior is filling parts of our time that used to be idle or devoted to talking to strangers or noticing parts of the world that we’re not going to notice as much anymore. That has an impact on individuals as well as on cities. More and more, people are walking down the street communicating with people who are somewhere else “(Rheingold, qtd. in usatoday.com).

Even though text messaging may never replace making and receiving phones calls, it sure has made its mark in society among all groups. As long as we have a need to be filled and a technology to fill it; the future of how we communicate may always be changing. But one thing will always stand true, “That’s what humans do: We come up with new ways to communicate and new ways to build civilizations” (Rheingold, qtd. in usatoday.com).

 Citations:

Rheingold, H.  Smart Mobs.
New York: Perseus, 2002.

Kornblum, Janet (2003) Tapping into text messaging (Electronic version) USA TODAYhttp://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/2003-06-02-text-me-main_x.htm 

           Imagine. That is half the battle. The beauty of perpetuating thought! Many times our thoughts get the best of us, sending us on long journeys through a labyrinth of options for what can become a reality. Realizing that not every thought is sound in function and form, is admitting that there is room for imperfections and space for growth. Though many may squabble against the relevancy of the message Vannevar Bush (1945) was trying to express in his piece “As We May Think” (1945), it was still merely a thought.

            This piece was published in the Atlantic Monthly the year 1945, a time in history best known for the end of World War II.  Vannevar Bush (1945), Director of the Office of Scientific Research and Development, recognized for his orchestration of American Scientists in the battle of using science as a means to warfare (1945),  conveyed his theory of where scientists aught to flex their muscle.

            “Science”(pg.1), according to Bush, “ has provided the swiftest communication between individuals; it has provided a record of ideas and has enabled man to manipulate and to make extracts from that record so that knowledge evolves and endures throughout the life of a race rather than that of an individual” (pg.1).  For knowledge to cultivate beyond the present measures available in 1945, it was Bush’s (1945) belief that a system of organized information needed to exist that was not only easily accessible but specialized (1945).

            The mere thought of a collection of works, all relative to one another, was an astonishing yet profound ‘thought’ for the early information age. To fathom an idea such as this, so early on in the development of information technology, not only was logical but exciting. Bush (1945) acknowledged the need for a new method of research claiming,

 Professionally our methods of transmitting and reviewing the results of research are generations old and by now are totally inadequate for their purpose” (Bush, 1945, pg.1)

Through this perspective, Bush (1945) already had evidence that technology was, at that time, a gateway for future progress:

Certainly progress in photography is not going to stop. Faster material and lenses, more automatic cameras, finer-grained sensitive compounds to allow an extension of the mini-camera idea, are all imminent. (Bush, 1945, pg.2)

            Using the camera as an example to further explain his purpose, Bush (1945) conjures up possible directions technology could lead the camera. Predicting a tiny camera worn on the forehead of the user, the size of a walnut, with a cord that runs along the arm extending to the hand where a switch or push button trips the shutter enabling him to record images that can later be enlarged ( Bush, 1945). Through the path of his imagination, Bush stumbles upon, what to him was just an idea, and what has become reality to the modern technological world; the digital camera.

 The proof in the pudding you say? Let’s cite some more facts.

            This was not just a tiny camera that sits on your forehead with some fancy “James Bond” type trip wire, but “The lense is of universal focus, down to any distance accommodated by the unaided eye, simply because it is of short focal length. There is a built-in photocell on the walnut such as we now have on at least one camera, which automatically adjusts exposure for a wide range of illumination. There is film in the walnut for a hundred exposures, and the spring for operating its shutter and shifting its film would once for all when the film clip is inserted. It produces its results in full color” (Bush, 1945, pg. 2)

            Understanding that at this time in history, there was no preconceived knowledge of what ‘digital’ was or what role it was to play in the future; while also accepting the fact that Bush (1945) did not predict the ‘tiny camera’ in the fashion that we have come to know it as today; does not disprove what he was describing is the foundation of what was to become and now is the evolution of the camera.

            Not to shabby for 1945. Remarkably this was not the most impressive aspect of his article. The real clincher (getting back to organized information) was Bush’s (1945) idea of the “memex” (pg.6) Once again, imagine, a compression of all the world’s data and facts, an information warehouse, where the user can gather research on any area of interest with the stroke of the keyboard.

            Beyond encouraging scientific development among his peers to bridge the gap between research and the thinking of man, Bush (1945), unbeknownst to him, had ‘imagined’ the basis to what we have come to know as the Internet.

            Describing the “memex” (Bush, 1945, pg.6), as a “ … device in which an individual stores all his books, records, and communications, and which is mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility. It is an enlarged intimate supplement to his memory” (Bush, 1945, pg. 6)

            The “memex” (pg.6) was a desk with ‘slanted translucent screens’ (Bush, 1945, pg. 6) that would project the information for easy reading (1945). While only one end is set aside for storage, the rest is ‘devoted to mechanism.’ (pg. 6)  Inside the “memex’ (pg.6) were loads of ‘microfilm’ ready for access. The microfilm contained, “…books of all sorts, pictures, current periodicals, newspapers” (Bush, 1945, pg. 6)

             Bush (1945) claimed that it could store ‘material freely’, since microfilm was so thin. The device also had a copying function that introduced the use of ‘dry ink photography’ to enable information to be transferred from the “memex” (pg.6) to paper. In edition to the plethora of obtainable information, another relevant function to the modern day computer / Internet is that of indexing. The “memex” (pg. 6) allowed its user to store bookmarks, or go back points, in his research to allow for quick access at a later date.

            A phenomenal idea for the times it was indeed. Unimaginable that something relatively close would emerge some thirty to forty years later. Taking into consideration, that to modern society, a contraption such as the “memex” might seem like a complex way of accessing information,  but then again, try explaining how the Internet works to Vannevar Bush (1945).

References

Bush, Vennavar.  “As We May Think”. The Atlantic Monthly 1945.

http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/194507/bush